Variables controlling denitrification from earthworm casts and soil in permanent pastures

Summary Denitrification (using the acetylene block method) was determined in earthworm casts and soils from permanent, drained or undrained pasture plots fertilized with 0 or 200 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 as ammonium nitrate. Rates of N₂O production from soil cores were about three times higher from the fertilized than from the unfertilized plots while drainage had a relatively small effect. Denitrification rates from casts were 3–5 times higher than those from soil irrespective of the drainage treatment. Casts generally had higher NO _inf3 ^sup- , NH _inf4 ^sup+ , and moisture contents, and higher microbial respiration rates than soil. Rates of N₂O production were determined primarily by NO _inf3 ^sup- supply, secondarily by moisture; available C did not appear to limit denitrification in these pastures. Estimates of the potential contribution of casts to denitrification ranges from 10.1% of 29.3 kg ha^-1 year^-1 from the unfertilized, drained plot to 22% of 82.5 kg ha^-1 year^-1 from the fertilized undrained plot.     

畜禽养殖环境效率及其污染物减排——以不同规模生猪养殖为例

为探究中国生猪养殖产生污染物的减排潜力,基于随机前沿生产函数模型,利用2004—2016年生猪养殖的省级宏观数据,测算了不同规模生猪养殖的环境效率,并从时间和空间2个维度计算了生猪养殖产生污染物的潜在削减量,最后进一步探究了生猪养殖环境效率的提升路径。结果表明:1)小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖的环境效率均值依次为0.924、0.953、0.926,随着养殖规模增大环境效率呈现出"倒U型"趋势,而且随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖的环境效率均出现了不同程度的上升趋势;2)在时间维度上,小规模、中规模、大规模生猪养殖1头猪1年产生的污染物还可以平均减少5.89、2.42和4.13 kg,但随着时间推移3个规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量均在不断减少;3)在空间维度上,小规模生猪养殖东部地区污染物的潜在削减量要高于中西部地区;中规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在各区域中相对均衡;而大规模生猪养殖污染物的潜在削减量在不同地区呈现出两级分化趋势;4)本研究选取的生产要素投入量、饲养天数以及环境治理费用等对生猪养殖环境效率均有显著影响。最后,基于研究结论,提出相关的措施建议以提升生猪养殖环境效率。     

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model, this paper empirically investigated farmers' perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China. The results show: i) There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes. Specifically, 57.4% of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly, but only 29.7% of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly; ii) The factors influencing the farmers' perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature, the former are mostly agriculture related, while latter are mostly non-agriculture related, except for farm size; and iii) Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons, because less than 30% of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change. Therefore, to improve the accuracy of farmers' perceptions of climate change, the government is recommended to: i) enhance education and training programs; ii) speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size; iii) develop farmer cooperative organizations; iv) invest more in agricultural infrastructure, specifically in major grain producing regions; and v) improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.     

新疆多源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌耐药基因检测及分析

【目的】了解新疆不同动物源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌携带质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药因子（plasmid mediated quinolone resistance,PMQR）的流行现状,及其与主要的β-内酰胺酶基因和 16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因的共存情况。【方法】通过 PCR 方法对猪源（79 株）、牛源（8株）和羊源（96株）喹诺酮类（环丙沙星,诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星）耐药大肠杆菌进行 PMQR（qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qepA, oqxA, oqxB, aac(6’)-Ib-cr）、β-内酰胺酶基因（bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M, bla_SHV, bla_KPC, bla_CMY-2, bla_LAP-1）及16S rRNA（armA, rmtB）等基因检测,对目的条带进行DNA测序,确定阳性菌株,对检出携带 β-内酰胺酶基因和16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因的大肠杆菌进行β-内酰胺类及氨基糖苷类药敏试验,分析其携带的基因型与耐药表型之间的关系。【结果】猪源大肠杆菌中检出的PMQR因子为qnrS（5/79,6.33%）,oqxA（35/79,44.30%）,oqxB（40/79,50.60%）和aac(6’)-Ib-cr（4/79,5.06%）,检出的β-内酰胺酶基因为bla_TEM（79/79,100%）,检出的16S rRNA 基因为rmtB（3/79,3.80%）;牛源大肠杆菌中检出的PMQR因子为qnrS（1/8,12.50%）,oqxA（1/8,12.50%）,oqxB（1/8,12.50%）和aac(6’)-Ib-cr（1/8,12.50%）和qepA（1/8,12.50%）,检出的β-内酰胺酶基因为bla_TEM（8/8,100%）和bla_SHV（1/8,12.50%）;羊源大肠杆菌中检出的PMQR因子为qnrS（6/96,6.25%）,oqxA（32/96,33.3%）,oqxB（37/96,38.5%）和aac(6’)-Ib-cr（22/96,22.91%）,检出的β-内酰胺酶基因为bla_TEM（96/96,100%）和bla_CTX-M（2/96,2.08%）,检出的16S rRNA 基因为rmtB（2/96,2.08%）;未检出qnrA,qnrB,qnrC,qnrD,bla_KPC,bla_CMY-2和bla_LAP-1被检基因。不同动物源大肠杆菌中存在基因共存现象,携带β-内酰胺酶基因和16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因的喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌对β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类药物耐药呈一定的相关性。【结论】不同动物源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌中存在PMQR因子,可与主要的 β-内酰胺酶和/或16S rRNA 甲基化酶基因共存。此外,首次在羊源大肠杆菌中检出PMQR 因子、β-内酰胺酶及16S rRNA甲基化酶基因。     

质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药机制研究进展

质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药(PMQR)基因的出现,迅速提高了细菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性,给临床细菌性疾病的治疗带来了严重的威胁。目前虽然认为喹诺酮类耐药基因(qnr)只引起低水平耐药,但低水平耐药性可使细菌数量达到出现突变所需的浓度,从而出现高水平耐药。因此,对质粒介导该类药物耐药机制的研究,及耐药基因的分子传播机制的研究不仅能指导临床合理用药,而且有助于控制耐药菌株的产生和传播。     

我国地区产业多样化的演变及其影响因素研究

基于我国二位数产业数据,采用熵值法测算中国的总体产业多样化,并进一步分解为相关和无关多样化,考察我国产业多样化的演变趋势和形成机制,并实证研究其影响因素。结果表明,总体上我国地区产业相关、无关多样化分别呈现倒U和正U型演变趋势,2004年后波动幅度减少,趋于平稳变化;技术进步和交易成本下降均有效促进相关多样化,而阻碍无关多样化发展,竞争和工资水平分别抑制和促进产业多样化。     

牛源大肠杆菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测分析

为研究近年来新疆地区牛源大肠杆菌中质粒介导喹诺酮类药物耐药基因的分布及其对喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药情况,本研究于2016-2018年从新疆石河子、沙湾、奎屯、玛纳斯和伊犁5个地区12个规模化奶牛场分离出116株牛源大肠杆菌,药敏试验检测其耐药性,同时利用PCR扩增PMQR耐药基因。药敏试验结果显示,62.93%的菌株对氨苄西林耐药,耐药率最高。对链霉素、四环素、卡那霉素和恩诺沙星的耐药率依次为56.90%、54.31%、43.10%和42.24%。对头孢他啶和头孢噻肟的耐药率较低,分别为7.76%和11.21%。分离菌主要携带qnrA、qnrS和aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr 3种耐药基因;116株大肠杆菌中有31株携带PMQR的耐药基因,检出阳性率为26.72%,其中26株仅携带1种PMQR耐药基因,占所有菌株的22.41%,4株携带2种PMQR耐药基因,占所有菌株的3.45%,1株携带3种PMQR耐药基因,占所有菌株的0.86%。综上所述,新疆地区牛源大肠杆菌质粒介导喹诺酮类药物基因主要为qnrA、qnrS和aac（6'）-Ⅰb-cr 3种,且对恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星均产生不同程度的耐药性。     

A multi-scale approach to facultative paedomorphosis of European newts (Salamandridae) in the Montenegrin karst: Distribution pattern, environmental variables, and conservation

Facultative paedomorphosis, a process in which newt larvae can opt for reproduction before or after metamorphosis, is geographically heterogeneous. Despite numerous ecological studies and recent evidence of declines in paedomorphic populations, however, no attempt to model environmental variables that explain the presence of paedomorphs has been made at a multi-scale level. Our aim was to fill this gap in studying three newt species (Lissotriton vulgaris, Mesotriton alpestris, and Triturus macedonicus) of the Montenegrin karst as model species. To this end, we used multivariate analysis on three scales of habitat: the breeding pond, the land use and the climatologic features. Results show that the study area is both an important hotspot for paedomorphosis and where intraspecific diversity is quickly disappearing (20-47% extirpation) because of fish introductions. Other habitat variables (water permanency, pH or the habitat origin) were shown to act on paedomorphosis but not consistently across species, confirming complexity of the evolutionary and ecological processes. This study appeals for more long-term and detailed landscape studies of polyphenisms, a neglected but promising topic, to better understand and protect alternative modes of development. Particularly, measures should be taken to identify hotspots of intraspecific diversity at a global scale and stop fish introductions before we reach a point of no-return.     

中国森林粗木质残体储量及其影响因素

 粗木质残体（CWD）是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在森林生态系统结构组成和功能发挥中扮演重要角色。在收集整理文献资料数据的基础上对长白山、小兴安岭、秦岭、武夷山、鼎湖山、哀牢山等地不同森林生态系统粗木质残体储量的研究结果进行了初步统计和分析。初步结果认为：中国南、北方森林生态系统的粗木质残体储量存在差异,北方的粗木质残体储量是针叶林＞针阔混交林;南方的粗木质残体储量是阔叶林＞针阔混交林＞针叶林。海拔、林分结构、年平均降水量、自然灾害、人为干扰均是影响粗木质残体储量的因子,枯立木和倒木是中国原始林粗木质残体储量的主要贡献者。研究结果可为中国森林生态系统粗木质残体的进一步深入研究及相应的合理保护和利用提供依据。图2表2参47     

浙江省森林凋落物碳密度空间分布的影响因素

基于浙江省森林资源清查固定样地信息数据和森林监测中心2010年6-9月采集的森林凋落物碳密度数据,探讨浙江省森林凋落物碳密度空间分布的影响因素。研究表明：浙江省森林凋落物碳密度空间分布在全省大尺度范围和不同地级市的县域小尺度范围都存在差异。浙江省森林凋落物碳密度随着海拔的升高而增大,但局部地势较低地区森林凋落物碳密度很高;生物量覆盖度和地上腐殖质层厚度两者与森林凋落物碳密度无相关关系,而土壤有机碳密度和凋落物氮密度两者与凋落物碳密度具有极显著的正相关关系;优势树种对于凋落物量积累有很大影响,栎类为主的落叶乔木凋落物碳密度较高,经济林则最低。